| 摘要註: |
基於我國憲法第7條揭示之平等原則，國家有義務平等對待人民，不能任意以差別待遇對待之。不僅如此，有關法律對於原住民提供就業門徑的「優惠保障」問題，這從法理基礎而言，一般都是從憲法第15條：「人民之生存權、工作權、財產權應予保障。」、 第152條「人民具有工作能力者，國家應予以適當之工作機會。」及憲法增修條文第10條第7項與第12項暨實質平等權的保障等來作立論。然而這樣的立論，多是基於為維護原住民之工作權而來。但政策與實際情形往往有相當大的落差，政府政策必須加以落實及追蹤，並加強對原住民不斷的宣導，甚至辦理全面性的公聽會。此外，除了對原鄉原住民釋出原鄉化及在地化的適才和適性之工作機會外，更應針對行政院原住民族委員會定期進行原住民就業狀況調查，其透過抽樣調查方式，得以瞭解原住民就業時所面臨的問題與狀況，經由實證資料的分析，據以擬定相關原住民就業輔導與促進政策。使之對整體原住民就業提供更完整的方案及多元化的保障。 本文旨在透過對「原住民族工作權保障法」中，對我國原住民的工作保障之條款的立法精神、條文內容與實施成效，進行探討，並剖析我國原住民工作權保障上，需待解決的問題，以及未來的政策該如何修正，方能有效落實原住民工作權保障的政策宗旨。 根據行政院原民會歷次的有關調查統計資料顯示，在本質上有隨全國失業率之攀升而呈更趨惡化之勢，關於原住民的就業問題，無疑是人權的重要議題之一，但大多是從原住民的「求職」角度來作出發者，期待能對多方的權益多所兼顧調和，俾達到多嬴的境域。 由於經濟環境衝擊對原住民的影響遠大於一般民眾，面對原住民因為生活普遍困苦不得不放棄升學的機會而在經濟壓力下去工作，以至於造成在教育程度上明顯低於一般民眾的劣勢、國家「引進大量外籍勞工具有工資低廉的競爭，而壓縮原住民的工作機會」、傳統產業的外移與政府對原住民的就業政策為外向型態等，均造成原住民的失業率偏高。政府若能依原住民不同的族群在就業輔導和失業輔導的觀念上達到適才和適性的目標，進而充分提供原鄉化及在地化的「就業資訊」與「就業媒合」;在職訓中也加強原鄉化及在地化的「民宿管理、餐飲服務類」與「營建、土木類」的相關課程，使之在原鄉不但有創造就業機會，政府更要做好基本的配套措施，例如:相對提撥資金（以利標案子或做小型工程時一開始有周轉金）、為輔導設立各種性質之原住民合作社能依法經營者得持續免稅、文化專業證照的發展讓原住民發展文化產業會較合適、貸款太多設限不易貸到款項及政府將原住民的就業政策由外向型態調整為內向型態…等，如此，不僅能提供原住民在家鄉有較適合的就業機會，亦能顧到家人的照顧及關心到孩子的教育問題，又能復育生態環境、保存傳統文化，讓原住民在家鄉有自我發展的潛力。如此一來對原住民的就業狀況會有明顯的幫助。 On the basis of the article 7 of The Constitution of the Republic of China, all citizens of the country, irrespective of sex, religion, ethnic origin, class, or party affiliation, shall be equal before the law. Moreover, to speak of the issue of the access to take up a job with 'preferential rights' that is provided by the law for indigenous people. With regard to the legal principle according to the article 15 of the constitution 'the right to live, the right to work, and the right to own property shall be guaranteed to the people,' and the article 152 'the State shall provide suitable opportunities for work to those persons who have the ability to work.' In addition, the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China, point 7 and 12 of the article 10 are based on the equal rights. However, such is the argumentation, mostly created for indigenous people to safeguard their right to work. Nevertheless, there is still always the falling head between the policy and the actual situation. The government policy must be tracked and fulfilled more, also strengthen the guideline for indigenous people, or even comprehensively hold public hearings. What is more, not only the employment status of indigenous people should be investigated by Council of Indigenous Peoples on a regular basis, but also localize the job opportunities based on their various talents and personalities. Sampling survey is applied to understand indigenous people’s situations and difficulties of their employment, and draw up interrelated career guidance and promotion policies through analyzing empirical data. So that more diverse and more complete guarantee could be provided for employment of indigenous people. This study intends to discuss the legislative spirit, the contents and the performance of the Indigenous People Employment Rights Protection Act, to analyze some unsolved issues in Taiwan and the way to revise the policies in the future in order to implement the purposes of the protection act. In accordance with many statistics data made by Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan, the employment rate of indigenous people is deteriorating as the national unemployment rate is increasing. Therefore, the employment issue of indigenous people is definitely one of the most important issues in human rights. However, the reviews of this issue are mostly focusing on “how to have indigenous people be employed” instead of collecting different points of views to benefit each party and to approach a win-win situation. Due to the crush of economic crisis influent to indigenous people is much heavier than the general public, indigenous people are generally so poor that they have to give up their school to work. Therefore, they have serious disadvantages to their level of education. The government policies of importing massive cheap foreign labors so that the working opportunities of indigenous people are reduced, offshoring convention industries, and the government encourage indigenous people to work in the city instead of their hometown all lead to the high unemployment rate of indigenous people.If the government can change their concepts on both employment and unemployment guidance based on their various talents and personalities to provide local employment services and enhance some courses related to local industries such as hospitality, hotel management, construction and building activities, the regional working opportunities will be increased. Moreover, the government must develop better fundamental supporting measures such as to fund some minor works, to setup different types of duty-free cooperatives, to develop culture related certificates to advance conventional industries, to ease the requirements of loans, and to adjust the employment policy from external to internal. The above policies are capable to provide better regional working opportunities, to look after their families, to pay attention to children’s education issues, to restore ecological environment, to maintain traditional cultures, and to obviously improve the indigenous people’s employment status by offering them the potential to develop themselves in their hometown. |