| 摘要註: |
外商直接投資（Foreign Direct Investment, FDI）可帶給東道國的好處，除了可直接地為東道國帶來資金流入及促進當地就業以外，亦可間接地創造外溢效果（spillover effect）。外溢效果體現一個概念，即跨國公司擁有較先進的技術、管理能力及行銷能力等優勢，並可透過技術移轉的過程，從而提高東道國企業之生產力。因此，近年來，許多國家企圖藉由提供優惠措施吸引FDI 的流入。外溢效果的存在主要是由於跨國公司與國內企業間存在技術差距，然而，由於外資企業擁有不同的背景、經營環境、FDI 動機等因素，導致來自某些國家的跨國公司可能擁有優於其他國家跨國企業的技術（如：已開發國家對比開發中國家），這也可能導致技術較弱之跨國公司與東道國企業同樣可自FDI 獲得外溢效果。然而，根據我們的調查，至今尚未有相關文獻探討跨國公司間之外溢效果是否存在。中國自 1979 年改革開放初期，面臨著資金不足及技術落後等問題。因此，中國當局藉由提供多項優惠政策以吸引FDI，並藉此加速工業化和產業升級，根據World Bank 資料指出，中國自2009 年起成為僅次於美國的全球第二大FDI 流入國，並在2010 年起成為僅次於美國的世界第二大經濟體。Goldman Sachs 更預計，中國在2040 年將超過美國，成為世界最大的經濟體。此外，許多研究中指出，FDI 對中國經濟成長扮演重要的角色，其中Buckley et al.（2002）指出，非華裔跨國企業（non-Chinese MNEs,NC MNEs）可對中國當地企業帶來技術以及海外市場進入外溢效果，而海外華裔跨國公司（overseas Chinese MNEs, OC MNEs）只可提供了海外市場進入外溢效果。另一方面，由於NC MNEs 擁有先進技術等優勢並在技術密集型產業中擁有優於OC MNEs 之生產力及技術發展等能力。因此，本研究認為，OC MNEs 與中國當地企業同樣可自NC MNEs 獲得外溢效果。綜上所述，本研究試圖分析投資於中國之NC MNEs 對OC MNEs 所產生之外溢效果，並藉此補充我們對跨國企業外溢效果的認識。 Foreign direct investment (FDI) cannot only bring capital and promote employment directly to host countries, but also indirectly create productivity spillovers, a concept that embodies the fact that MNEs (multinational enterprises) own technology, interpreted in a broad sense that includes product, process, and distribution technology, as well as management and marketing skills, which can be transmitted to domestic firms and thereby raise their productivity level. Hence, many countries offer considerable incentives to attract inward FDI recently, especially transition economies and developing countries. The spillover effects mainly result from the fact that there exists significantly technological gap between MNEs and domestic firms. However, because of different backgrounds, operational environments, FDI motivations and so on, MNEs come from some countries may embody the technology superior to those come from other counties, e.g. developed countries contrast to developing countries. Some MNEs, therefore, are very likely to gain spillovers of FDI as well as domestic firms. According to our survey, there is no research to investigate the spillover effect between MNEs. Since the beginning of reform, China faced serious problems of insufficient funds and technological backwardness. Hence, Chinese government offered many preferential policies to attract FDI in order to speed up industrialization and upgrade industry. According to website of World Bank, China is the second largest host of FDI in the world behind the US since 2009, and the second largest economy in the world, only behind U.S. since 2010. Goldman Sachs predicts that China will exceed US and become the world biggest economy by 2040. Many studies have found that FDI plays an important role in economic growth of china. Buckley et al. (2000) indicated that non-Chinese MNEs (NC MNEs) can generate technological and international market access spillover benefits for Chinese firms, while overseas Chinese MNEs (OC MNEs) only provide the international market access spillover benefit. NC MNEs are generally superior to OC MNEs in product and process innovation and in technological development. Hence, OC MNEs ought to gain spillovers from NC MNEs as well as domestic firms of China. Hence, this studytries to analyze the spillover effect of NC MNEs on the OC MNEs in China in order to complement our understanding of MNEs' spillover effects. |