| 摘要註: |
羅馬法諺「法律幫助勤勉人,不幫助睡眠人」(vigilantibus et non dormientibus jura subveniunt),在私法自治的原則下,與公益無關者,權利人雖有權利不行使權利,但是長久不行使權利的情況下容易產生弊病,為了維護現行法律秩序,確保秩序的安定,採取時效制度可以達到教育、督促權利人早日行使權利的目的,可以減少法律紛爭、促進和諧。消滅時效分為「一般時效期間」與「特別時效期間」,一般時效期間為15年,特別時效期間則以法律規定之,不得以命令訂定之。在中華民國未有長餘15年之特別時效期間,故特別時效期間亦稱為「短期時效」。民法第147條:「時效期間,不得以法律行為加長或縮短之。」民法第128條:「消滅時效,自請求權可行使時起算。以不行為為目的之請求權,自為行為時起算。」所謂請求權可行使時,乃指權利人得行使請求權之狀態而言,至於義務人實際上能否給付,則非所問。在通常情形,於權利成立並生效時,請求權即可行使。若請求權定有期限,自期限屆至時起算。消滅時效期間進行中,由於有不宜進行的事實發生,致已進行的期間歸於無效,並自事由終止時重新起算,相關規定在民法第129條。又依同法第138條規定,時效中斷僅具相對性。效期間將近完成之際,對於權利人有不能或難於行使權利的障礙事由存在,使時效暫時不完成。在時效不完成的制度下,障礙事由的發生並不停止時效的進行,性質上,係在障礙事由終止後將時效期間酌予延長,並於此項期間經過後時效始告完成,例如民法第139條之天災事變。時效不完成的障礙事由係客觀上有窒礙難行的社會事實,因此,時效不完成對於任何人均有效力,具有絕對性。消滅時效完成後的效力,各國規定不同,主要有權利消滅主義、訴權消滅主義及抗辯權發生主義。本文以時效制度為研究對象,並以消滅時效、定型化契約、債務不履行及損害賠償為順序,來探討消減時效與定型化契約、債務不履行及損害賠償之間的關係。 Roman proverbs "legal help industrious people, not to help people sleep." (Vigilantibus et non dormientibus jura subveniunt), under the principle of private autonomy, independent charity who the right people the right not to exercise their rights, although, but for a long time not to exercise rights prone to these ills case, in order to maintain the existing legal order, ensuring stability and order, take prescription system can achieve education, urging an early exercise of the right people the right purpose, to reduce legal disputes and promote harmony. Eliminate aging into "general limitation period" and "especially during aging," the general limitation period of 15 years, places special limitation period provided by law, shall be prescribed in order. In the Republic of China no longer than 15 years especially during aging, it is especially the limitation period is also known as "short-term aging." Civil Code Section 147: "The limitation period shall not be lengthened or shortened to legal acts of." Civil Code Section 128: The right not to conduct for the purpose of the request, since the starting of behavior "eliminate aging, when the request for the right to be exercised starting. time. "The so-called request exercisable shall relate rights holder may exercise the right of the state in terms of the request, as the obligor is actually able to pay, the non asked. In normal circumstances, the right to form and to take effect, the request to exercise the right. If the claims deadline laid down, since the period commences until the session. During the extinctive prescription, because there is the fact that the incidence of inappropriate conduct during the cause has been attributed to ineffective, and re-starting from the time the subject of termination. The relevant provisions of the Civil Code Section 129. But according to the provisions of Article 138 of the same Act, the limitation interrupt merely relative. During the nearly completed occasion effect, for the rights of people to exercise their rights can not or difficult obstacles grounds exist to make aging temporarily not complete. In the age of the system is not complete, the subject of the occurrence of obstacles does not stop aging proceeds, the nature, the Department will terminate the subject during the obstacle limitation extended at the discretion and the limitation period in this report is completed after the start. Natural disasters such as the Civil Code Article 139 of the incident. Aging does not have a complete barrier to the subject line of social facts objectively difficult to implement, so the limitation is not completed for any person has the effect, with absolute. After the completion of the eradication of aging effect, the provisions of different countries, mainly the right to destroy the doctrine, the right to appeal and defend the right to eliminate the occurrence of Marxist doctrine. In this paper, aging system for the study, and to eliminate aging, standard contracts, debts and damages for non-performance of the order, to discuss and finalize contracts aging reduction, debt compensation for non-performance and damage the relationship between. |