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The use of wastewater-derived chemic...

Fono, Lorien Jessica.

The use of wastewater-derived chemical tracers to assess unintentional water reuse.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	The use of wastewater-derived chemical tracers to assess unintentional water reuse.
Author:	Fono, Lorien Jessica.
Description:	167 p.
Notes:	Adviser: David L. Sedlak.
Notes:	Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: B, page: 1211.
Contained By:	Dissertation Abstracts International68-02B.
Subject:	Engineering, Environmental.
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=3253866

The use of wastewater-derived chemical tracers to assess unintentional water reuse.
Fono, Lorien Jessica.

The use of wastewater-derived chemical tracers to assess unintentional water reuse. - 167 p.

Adviser: David L. Sedlak.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2006.

Although wastewater-derived chemical contaminants undergo transformation through a variety of mechanisms, the relative importance of processes such as biotransformation and photolysis is poorly understood under conditions representative of large rivers. To assess attenuation rates under conditions encountered in such systems, samples from the Trinity River were analyzed for a suite of wastewater-derived contaminants during a period when wastewater effluent accounted for nearly the entire flow of the river over a travel time of approximately two weeks. While the concentration of the conservative tracer total adsorbable organic iodide was approximately constant throughout the river, concentrations of ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, metoprolol and naproxen all decreased between 60-90% as the water flowed downstream. Comparison of attenuation rates estimated in the river with rates measured in laboratory-scale microcosms suggests that biotransformation was more important than photolysis for most of the compounds. Further evidence for biotransformation in the river was provided by measurements of the enantiomeric fraction of metoprolol, which showed a gradual decrease as the water moved downstream. Results of this study indicate that natural attenuation can result in significant decreases in concentrations of wastewater-derived contaminants in large rivers.Subjects--Topical Terms:

212478
Engineering, Environmental.

The use of wastewater-derived chemical tracers to assess unintentional water reuse.
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245 1 4 $a The use of wastewater-derived chemical tracers to assess unintentional water reuse.
300 $a 167 p.
500 $a Adviser: David L. Sedlak.
500 $a Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: B, page: 1211.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2006.
520 # $a Although wastewater-derived chemical contaminants undergo transformation through a variety of mechanisms, the relative importance of processes such as biotransformation and photolysis is poorly understood under conditions representative of large rivers. To assess attenuation rates under conditions encountered in such systems, samples from the Trinity River were analyzed for a suite of wastewater-derived contaminants during a period when wastewater effluent accounted for nearly the entire flow of the river over a travel time of approximately two weeks. While the concentration of the conservative tracer total adsorbable organic iodide was approximately constant throughout the river, concentrations of ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, metoprolol and naproxen all decreased between 60-90% as the water flowed downstream. Comparison of attenuation rates estimated in the river with rates measured in laboratory-scale microcosms suggests that biotransformation was more important than photolysis for most of the compounds. Further evidence for biotransformation in the river was provided by measurements of the enantiomeric fraction of metoprolol, which showed a gradual decrease as the water moved downstream. Results of this study indicate that natural attenuation can result in significant decreases in concentrations of wastewater-derived contaminants in large rivers.
520 # $a Further research is suggested to improve the utility of the tracers described in this dissertation. In particular, additional chemical tracers may provide more information about the fate and transport of WWDCs in surface waters, as well as that of other contaminants in the aquatic environment.
520 # $a Recent advances in analytical chemistry have revealed a myriad of contaminants in municipal wastewater effluent at low concentrations. Some of the wastewater-derived compounds that are not well removed in wastewater treatment plants can cause adverse effects to the aquatic organisms in effluent-dominated surface waters. Humans also are exposed to wastewater-derived contaminants (WWDCs) through intentional and unintentional water reuse. Long-term health effects of exposure to WWDCs are unknown. In the work for this dissertation, a suite of conservative and reactive tracer compounds that are present in wastewater were identified and applied to quantify sources of WWDCs in surface waters, and to assess their fate and transport.
520 # $a The discharge of relatively small volumes of untreated sewage is a source of wastewater-derived contaminants in surface waters that is often ignored because it is difficult to discriminate from wastewater effluent. To identify raw sewage discharges, I analyzed the two enantiomers of the popular chiral pharmaceutical, propranolol, after derivitization to convert the enantiomers to diastereomers. The enantiomeric fraction (the ratio of the concentration of one of its isomers to the total concentration) of propranolol in the influent of five wastewater treatment plants was 0.50 +/- 0.02, while after secondary treatment it was 0.42 or less. In a laboratory study designed to simulate an activated sludge municipal wastewater treatment system, the enantiomeric fraction of propranolol decreased from 0.50 to 0.43 as the compound underwent biotransformation. In a similar system designed to simulate an effluent dominated surface water, the enantiomeric fraction of propranolol remained constant as it underwent biotransformation. Analysis of samples from surface waters with known or suspected discharges of untreated sewage contained propranolol with an enantiomeric fraction of approximately 0.50 whereas surface waters with large discharges of wastewater effluent contained propranolol with enantiomeric fractions similar to those observed in wastewater effluent. Measurement of enantiomers of propranolol may be useful in detecting and documenting contaminants related to leaking sewers and combined sewer overflows.
520 # $a Total adsorbable organic iodine (TAOI) is a useful surrogate parameter for the recalcitrant X-ray contrast media compounds in municipal wastewater. In the research presented here, TAOI was used as a conservative tracer to differentiate wastewater effluent from water originating from other sources. Available methods require specialized equipment for pyrolyzing iodinated organic compounds to convert the covalently bound iodine into iodide, which is then measured by ion chromatography. In this dissertation I describe a simple method for liberating iodide from these compounds with Cu(II) and hydrogen peroxide. Concentrations of TAOI were measured in wastewater effluent, surface waters that were expected to be impacted by wastewater, and unimpacted surface waters. TAOI concentrations ranged between 1.9 and 16.3 mug/L I in wastewater and between 0.3 and 17.5 mug/L I in surface waters. In many situations, TAOI may be an acceptable conservative wastewater tracer.
590 $a School code: 0028.
650 # 0 $a Engineering, Environmental. $3 212478
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710 0 # $a University of California, Berkeley. $3 212474
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790 1 0 $a Sedlak, David L., $e advisor
791 $a Ph.D.
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