| 摘要註: |
民國46年「興建國民住宅貸款條例」與64年「國民住宅條例」公佈施行後，政府於都市地區及其郊區協助興建或貸款興建國民住宅以解決中低收入家庭住宅問題。然而這些前期興建且屋齡較高的國民住宅目前面臨了經濟性、機能性、安全性下降等延伸性問題，在都市更新及居住安全的前提下，儼然變成迫切需改善之議題。國宅外牆亦為檢查、修繕或更新之對象之一。 目前雖然有多數針對建物外牆劣化現象所做的調查研究，但未見對老舊國宅外牆劣化有所關注探討，以致近年屢屢發生磁磚剝落危及安全之現象，卻不見探討其因及尋求全面性改善。因此基於此前提下，本研究將主要的目的訂定為了解現今國宅外牆各部位的劣化分佈狀況，藉以釐清問題原因，並提出各類劣化現象之對策及國宅外牆磁磚改修方式之建議。 依據本研究統計結果顯示，台北市中高層國民住宅劣化現象於外牆整體分佈而言，主要發生在低部樓層及中間樓層未開口牆面。其主要原因在於國宅低樓層商業活動使用頻繁；外加附置物無序加載，又低樓層及中間樓層界面維護管理清潔不易所導致。 本研究將上述統計分析結果，依據建築物營建生命週期之設計、施工、管理維護等階段，針對現行發生於外牆劣化行為之原因提出(設計面:合理結構、材料特性了解、施工法適切選擇；施工面:貼磚時機、填漿滿縫、初期養護；管理維護面:定檢、社區規範、低層商管)等改善之對策。 在此進一步針對管理維護階段所發生之國宅外牆磁磚掉落現象之原因，依據案例所應用之磁磚(二丁掛、馬賽克、方塊磚)做分類，藉以對各種劣化現象提出(清洗高壓清洗；清潔劑清洗；同種磁磚重貼；另種磁磚重貼；STO塗料塗佈；複層化工法)改修方式之建議。以供設計施工者參考，期許能有所助益。 ABSTRACTAfter the Public Housing Loan Act was implemented in the Republic of China in 1957, followed by the Public Housing Act of 1975, the government began assisting or providing loans to build public housing in urban and rural areas to solve the housing problem faced by low- and middle-income families. However, these old public houses have now resulted in a number of problems, such as decreased economic efficiency, function, and safety. From the perspectives of urban renovation and home security, old houses have become a topic that necessitates urgent discussion. The exterior walls of public houses also require inspection, repair, and/or renovation. Although numerous studies have investigated the phenomenon of deterioration to a building’s exterior walls, little focus has been given to the deterioration of the exterior walls of old public houses. Therefore, in recent years, although lives continue to be endangered by tiles falling from old public houses, the cause is not investigated and improvements to this situation are not discussed. Thus, this study examines the distribution of deterioration to the exterior walls of public houses to determine the cause, propose measures to counteract various deterioration phenomena, and provide suggestions to improve the condition of tiles on exterior walls. According to the statistical results, for mid-to-high public buildings in Taipei, deterioration of the closed walls on the lower and middle floors primarily occurs. This is mainly because the lower floors are commonly used for commercial activities and random storage, and because maintaining and managing the lower and middle floors are difficult. Based on these results and various building construction phases, such as life cycle design, construction, and management maintenance, we propose suitable countermeasures to reduce the deterioration of exterior walls (Designing phase: Reasonable structure, comprehensive understanding of the material characteristics, and selection of appropriate construction methods. Construction phase: Tilting time, lava filling, and initial maintenance. Management maintenance phase: Scheduled maintenance and community and floor management.) Because the tiles of exterior walls tend to drop during the management maintenance phase, we also examined tile types and formations (Nichogakecho, mosaics, and squares) and propose various strategies to reduce the deterioration of exterior walls, such as high-pressure flushing, cleaning with detergent, replacing homologous and heterogonous tiles, coating with STO, and the multi-coat chemical method. We hope these recommendations can provide a reference for designers and constructors. |